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Post-classical history (also called the Postclassical Era)〔Roger Allen, D. S. Richards. ''Arabic Literature in the Post-Classical Period''. Cambridge University Press, Apr 13, 2006. Page (8 ).〕〔Peter Stearns. World History in Documents: A Comparative Reader. Reviews NYU Press, Apr 1, 2008. Page (79 ).〕〔Classical Pasts: The Classical Traditions Of Greece And Rome edited by James I. Porte. Page (17 ).〕 is the period of time that immediately followed ancient history. Depending on the continent, the era generally falls between the years 200-600 and 1200–1500. The major classical civilizations the era follows are Han China (ending in 220), the Western Roman Empire (in 476), the Gupta Empire (in the 550s), and the Sasanian Empire (in 651). The post-classical era itself was followed by the early modern era, and forms the middle period in a three-period division of world history: ancient, post-classical, and modern. The era is thought to be characterized by invasions from Central Asia, the development of the great world religions (Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism), and of networks of trade and military contact between civilizations.〔(The Post‐Classical Era )| Joel Hermansen〕 The name of this era of history derives from classical antiquity (or the Greco-Roman era) of Europe.〔Though, the everyday context in use is reverse (such as historians reference to Medieval China).〕 In European history, "post-classical" is synonymous with the medieval time or Middle Ages, the period of history from around the 5th century to the 15th century.〔The term "Middle Ages" reflects the events leading to the renaissance period was in the "middle" -- between the ancient Greco-Roman and the Modern eras.〕 In Europe, the fall of the Western Roman Empire saw the depopulation, deurbanization, and limited learning of the "Dark Ages" (except in Eastern Mediterranean Europe, where the Eastern Roman Empire flourished until 1204), but gradually revived somewhat under the institutions of feudalism and a powerful Catholic Church. Art and architecture were characterized by Christian themes. Several attempts by the Crusades to recapture the Holy Land for Christianity were unsuccessful. In Asia, the depredations of the Dark Ages were avoided, at least in the west, where the Spread of Islam created a new empire and civilization with trade between the Asian, African, and European continents, and advances in science. East Asia experienced the full establishment of power of Imperial China (after the interregnum chaos of the Six Dynasties), which established several prosperous dynasties influencing Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. Religions such as Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism spread. Gunpowder was originally developed in China during the post-classical era. The invention of gunpowder led to the invention of fireworks, then to its use in warfare. Also, the invention spread around the world. The Mongol Empire greatly affected much of Europe and Asia, the latter of which was conquered in many areas. The Mongols were able to create safe trade and stability between the two regions, but inadvertently encouraged the spread of the Black Plague. The timelines of the major civilizations of the Americas—Maya (250 to 900), the Aztec (14th to 16th centuries), and the Inca (1438 to 1533)—do not correspond closely to the Classical Age of the Old World. Outstanding cultural achievement in the post-classical era include books like the ''Code of Justinian'',''The Story of the Western Wing'', and ''The Tale of Genji''; the mathematics of Fibonacci, Oresme, and Al-Khwārizmī; the philosophy of Avicenna, Thomas Aquinas, Petrarch, Zhu Xi, and Kabir; the painting of Giotto, Behzād, and Dong Yuan; the astronomy of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and Su Song; the poetry of Rumi, Dante, Chaucer, and the Li Bai; the travels of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta; the historiography of Leonardo Bruni and Ibn Khaldun; and the architecture of places like Chartres, the Mezquita, Angkor Wat, and Machu Picchu. ==Etymology and periodization== (詳細はhistory: ancient history, post-classical history, and modern history.〔Power, Daniel (2006).''The central Middle Ages: Europe 950–1320''. The short Oxford history of Europe (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 304 ISBN 978-0-19-925312-8.〕 In Europe, it is called the "Middle Ages" in the sense of being between the two other periods in time, ancient times and modern times. Humanist historians argued that Renaissance scholarship restored direct links to the classical period, thus bypassing the Medieval period. The term first appears in Latin in 1469 as ''media tempestas'' (middle times).〔Albrow, Martin, ''The global age: state and society beyond modernity'' (1997), p. 205.〕 In early usage, there were many variants, including ''medium aevum'' (Middle Age), first recorded in 1604,〔 and ''media scecula'' (Middle Ages), first recorded in 1625.〔Robinson, Fred C., "''(Medieval, the Middle Ages )''", ''Speculum'', 59/4 (1984).〕 English is the only major language that retains the plural form.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Post-classical history」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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